rOpenSci: cómo acceder de forma reproducible a repositorios de datos públicos

Peer reviewe

The potential of electricity transmission corridors in forested areas as bumblebee habitat

Declines in pollinator abundance and diversity are not only a conservation issue, but also a threat to crop pollination. Maintained infrastructure corridors, such as those containing electricity transmission lines, are potentially important wild pollinator habitat. However, there is a lack of evidence comparing the abundance and diversity of wild pollinators in transmission corridors with other important pollinator habitats. We compared the diversity of a key pollinator group, bumblebees (Bombus spp.), between transmission corridors and the surrounding semi-natural and managed habitat types at 10 sites across Sweden’s Uppland region. Our results show that transmission corridors have no impact on bumblebee diversity in the surrounding area. However, transmission corridors and other maintained habitats such as roadsides have a level of bumblebee abundance and diversity comparable to semi-natural grasslands and host species that are important for conservation and ecosystem service provision. Under the current management regime, transmission corridors already provide valuable bumblebee habitat, but given that host plant density is the main determinant of bumblebee abundance, these areas could potentially be enhanced by establishing and maintaining key host plants. We show that in northern temperate regions the maintenance of transmission corridors has the potential to contribute to bumblebee conservation and the ecosystem services they providePeer reviewe

Pollinator declines: reconciling scales and implications for ecosystem services

Despite the widespread concern about the fate of pollinators and the ecosystem services they deliver, we still have surprisingly scarce scientific data on the magnitude of pollinator declines and its actual contribution to crop pollination and food security. We use recently published data from northeastern North America to show that studies at both the local and regional scales are needed to understand pollinator declines, and that species-specific responses to global change are broadly consistent across scales. Second, we show that bee species that are currently delivering most of the ecosystem services (i.e. crop pollination) are not among the species showing declining trends, but rather appear to thrivein human-dominated landscapes. - See more at: http://f1000research.com/articles/2-146/v1#sthash.7jLf7zFE.dpu

Per què on hi ha més biodiversitat, hi ha més plantes exòtiques?

Investigadores del CREAF-UAB han encontrado los factores que hacen que en las zonas más biodiversas, donde se esperaría menos invasión de plantas exóticas (experimentos realizados lo corroboran), haya, en la práctica, más plantas exóticas y, por tanto, más invasión. Las razones de este fenómeno son diversas, pero la actividad humana es de las más destacadas. Los humanos provocamos cambios bruscos que permiten a las plantas exóticas invadir zonas más biodiversas que pierden su "resistencia biótica". Estudiar con detalle todos estos factores permitiría entender totalmente como las invasiones de plantas exóticas llegan a zonas dominadas por plantas nativas.Investigadors del CREAF-UAB han trobat els factors que fan que en les zones més biodiverses, on s'esperaria menys invasió de plantes exòtiques (experiments realitzats ho corroboren), n'hi hagi, a la pràctica, més plantes exòtiques i, per tant, més invasió. Les raons d'aquest fenomen són diverses, però l'activitat humana és de les més destacades. Els humans provoquem canvis bruscos que permeten a les plantes exòtiques envair zones més biodiverses que perden la seva "resistència biòtica". Estudiar amb detall tots aquests factors permetria entendre totalment com les invasions de plantes exòtiques arriben a zones dominades per plantes natives.CREAF-UAB researchers have found why the high biodiversisty areas, where less exotic plants invasion would be expected, have more exotic plants and, therefore, more invasion. The reasons for this are diverse, but human activity is the most prominent. Humans provoke sudden changes that allow exotic plants invade the high biodiverse areas that lose their "biotic resistance". Only studying in detail all these factors a fully understanding of exotic plants invasions will be achieved

Pollinators, pests and soil properties interactively shape oilseed rape yield.

[EN] Pollination, pest control, and soil properties are well known to affect agricultural production. These factors might interactively shape crop yield, but most studies focus on only one of these factors at a time. We used 15 winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) fields in Sweden to study how variation among fields in pollinator visitation rates, pollen beetle attack rates and soil properties (soil texture, pH and organic carbon) interactively determined crop yield. The fields were embedded in a landscape gradient with contrasting proportions of arable and semi-natural land. In general, pollinator visitation and pest levels were negatively correlated and varied independently of soil properties. This may reflect that above- and below-ground processes react at landscape and local spatial scales, respectively. The above-ground biotic interactions and below-ground abiotic factors interactively affected crop yield. Pollinator visitation was the strongest predictor positively associated with yield. High soil pH also benefited yield, but only at lower pest loads. Surprisingly, high pest loads increased the pollinator benefits for yield. Implementing management plans at different spatial scales can create synergies among above- and below-ground ecosystem processes, but both scales are needed given that different processes react at different spatial scales.[GER] Bestäubung, Schädlingskontrolle und Bodeneigenschaften beeinflussen die Agrarproduktion. Diese Faktoren könnten interagierend den Ernteertrag beeinflussen, aber die meisten Studien konzentrieren sich auf nur einen Faktor. Wir untersuchten auf 15 Winterrapsfeldern (Brassica napus L.) in Schweden, wie die von Feld zu Feld variierenden Bestäuberbesuchsraten, Rapsglanzkäfer-Befallsraten und Bodeneigenschaften (Bodentextur, pH, organischer Kohlenstoff) wechselwirkend den Ertrag bestimmten. Die Felder repräsentierten einen Landschaftsgradienten mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen von Agrarflächen und naturnahen Arealen. Allgemein waren Bestäuberbesuch und Schädlingsbefall negativ miteinander korreliert, und sie variierten unabhängig von den Bodeneigenschaften. Dies könnte anzeigen, dass oberirdische Prozesse und Prozesse im Boden auf der Landschaftsebene bzw. der lokalen Ebene reagieren. Die oberirdischen biotischen Interaktionen und die abiotischen Bodenfaktoren beeinflussten wechselwirkend den Ertrag. Der Bestäuberbesuch war der stärkste positiv mit dem Ertrag verknüpfte Faktor. Ein hoher pH-Wert begünstigte ebenfalls den Ertrag, aber nur bei geringem Schädlingsbefall. Überraschenderweise, steigerte hoher Schädlingsbefall die positive Wirkung des Bestäuberbesuchs auf den Ertrag. Das Aufstellen von Bewirtschaftungsplänen auf unterschiedlichen räumlichen Skalen kann Synergien zwischen oberirdischen und unterirdischen Ökosystemprozessen freisetzen, aber beide Skalen werden benötigt, da unterschiedliche Prozesse auf unterschiedlichen Skalen reagierenPeer reviewe

La força de les plantes invasores

La presència i l'expansió d'algunes plantes fora de la seva regió d'origen pot alterar l'estructura biològica de la nova comunitat, segons les conclusions d'aquest treball. El text descriu el mecanisme de competència entre les plantes "invasores" i les natives, a partir de la seva relació amb els pol·linitzadors.La presencia y expansión de algunas plantas en un ambiente distinto a su ecosistema original puede alterar la estructura biológica de la comunidad, de acuerdo con las conclusiones de este trabajo. El texto describe el mecanismo de competencia entre las plantas autóctonas y las "invasoras" a través de su relación con los polinizadores.The presence and expansion of some plants outside their original ecosystem could alter the structure of the biological community, according to the conclusions in this thesis. The work describes the competition mechanism between local and "invasive" plants, analyzing their relationship with pollinators

Towards the integration of niche and network theories

The quest for understanding how species interactions modulate diversity has progressed by theoretical and empirical advances following niche and network theories. Yet, niche studies have been limited to describe coexistence within tropic levels despite incorporating information about multi-trophic interactions. Network approaches could address this limitation, but they have ignored the structure of species interactions within trophic levels. Here we call for the integration of niche and network theories to reach new frontiers of knowledge exploring how interactions within and across trophic levels promote species coexistence. This integration is possible due to the strong parallelisms in the historical development, ecological concepts, and associated mathematical tools of both theories. We provide a guideline to integrate this framework with observational and experimental studies

cxr: A toolbox for modelling species coexistence in R

Recent developments in modern coexistence theory (MCT) have advanced our understanding of how species interactions among themselves and with the environment influence community dynamics. Although the formulation of MCT is mathematically clear, its application to empirical cases is still challenging, which precludes its adoption by a large range of ecologists and evolutionary biologists interested in broad questions related to community assembly and the maintenance of species diversity. We developedcxr, anrpackage that provides a complete toolbox for calculating species vital rates and interaction parameters, from which the user can obtain estimates of coexistence outcomes based on stabilizing niche differences and average fitness differences. Our aim is to offer a highly versatile package to accommodate different research needs. This means that the user can define population models, use different optimization algorithms and include the effect of external covariates on species interactions, which may include environmental variables (e.g. temperature, precipitation, salinity) and biotic controls (e.g. predation, pollination, mycorrhizae). To illustrate the functionality and versatility ofcxr, we provide a complete set of population dynamic models and a dataset from a highly diverse grassland community. By building bridges between MCT formulation and its implementation, we provide tools to obtain a deeper mechanistic understanding of how species interactions determine basic patterns such as species abundances and dominance, which are core information for many applied fields, such as conservation, restoration and invasion biology. Finally, the package is not limited taxonomically to any particular group. The application of tools derived from MCT to a wide range of different systems can create feedbacks between empirical and theoretical studies in a way that stimulates a better understanding of the processes maintaining biodiversity

The spatial configuration of biotic interactions shapes coexistence-area relationships in an annual plant community

The increase of species richness with area is a universal phenomenon on Earth. However, this observation contrasts with our poor understanding of how these species-area relationships (SARs) emerge from the collective effects of area, spatial heterogeneity, and local interactions. By combining a structuralist approach with five years of empirical observations in a highly-diverse Mediterranean grassland, we show that spatial heterogeneity plays a little role in the accumulation of species richness with area in our system. Instead, as we increase the sampled area more species combinations are realized, and they coexist mainly due to direct pairwise interactions rather than by changes in single-species dominance or by indirect interactions. We also identify a small set of transient species with small population sizes that are consistently found across spatial scales. These findings empirically support the importance of the architecture of species interactions together with stochastic events for driving coexistence- and species-area relationships. Local patterns of species coexistence across scales could determine the shape of species-area relationships. Here the authors apply a structuralist approach to empirical data on annual plant communities to assess how species interactions shape coexistence- and species-area relationships

Reproducible science: What, why, how

Most scientific papers are not reproducible: it is really hard, if not impossible, to understand how results are derived from data, and being able to regenerate them in the future (even by the same researchers). However, traceability and reproducibility of results are indispensable elements of highquality science, and an increasing requirement of many journals and funding sources. Reproducible studies include code able to regenerate results from the original data. This practice not only provides a perfect record of the whole analysis but also reduces the probability of errors and facilitates code reuse, thus accelerating scientific progress. But doing reproducible science also brings many benefits to the individual researcher, including saving time and effort, improved collaborations, and higher quality and impact of final publications. In this article we introduce reproducible science, why it is important, and how we can improve the reproducibility of our work. We introduce principles and tools for data management, analysis, version control, and software management that help us achieve reproducible workflows in the context of ecology.Peer Reviewe